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Bibliography: In-Person Voting

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Abbasi, Mohsen, Calvin Barrett, Kristian Lum, Sorelle A. Friedler, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian. 2023. “Measuring and Mitigating Voting Access Disparities: A Study of Race and Polling Locations in Florida and North Carolina,” June. https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594061. 

Acemyan, Claudia Ziegler, and Philip Kortum. 2012. The Relationship Between Trust and Usability in Systems.      Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 56 (1): 1842–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181312561371.

Acemyan, Claudia Ziegler, and Philip Kortum. 2016. “Does the Polling Station Environment Matter? The Relation between Voting Machine Layouts within Polling Stations and Anticipated System Usability.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 59 (1): 1066–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591299 

Acemyan, Claudia Ziegler, and Philip Kortum. 2017. “Assessing the Usability of the Hart InterCivic ESlate during the 2016 Presidential Election.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61 (1): 1404–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601835 

Acemyan, Claudia Ziegler, Philip Kortum, Michael D. Byrne, and Dan S. Wallach. 2015.      From Error to Error: Why Voters Could Not Cast a Ballot and Verify Their Vote with Helios, Prêt à Voter, and Scantegrity II. USENIX Journal of Election Technology and Systems (JETS) 3 (2): 1–25.

Adona, Natalie, and Paul Gronke. 2018. “Understanding the Voter Experience: The Public’s View of Election Administration and Reform.” Democracy Fund.

Ahearn, Caitlin E., Jennie E. Brand, and Xiang Zhou. 2022. How, and for Whom, Does Higher Education Increase Voting? Research in Higher Education 64 (September): 574–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-022-09717-4 

Aldrich, John H. 1993. Rational Choice and Turnout. American Journal of Political Science 37 (1): 246–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111531.

Allen, Theodore T., Muer Yang, Shijie Huang, and Olivia K. Hernandez. 2020. Determining Resource Requirements for Elections Using Indifference-Zone Generalized Binary Search.      Computers & Industrial Engineering 140 (February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.106243 

Allen, Theodore T., and Mikhail Bernshteyn. 2006. Mitigating Voter Waiting Times. CHANCE 19 (4): 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09332480.2006.10722812 

Alvarez, R. Michael, Lonna Rae Atkeson, and Thad E. Hall. 2013. Evaluating Elections: A Handbook of Methods and Standards. Cambridge England; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Alvarez, R. Michael, Delia Bailey, and Jonathan N. Katz. 2008.The Effect of Voter Identification Laws on Turnout. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1084598.

Alvarez, R. Michael, Dustin Beckett, and Charles Stewart III. 2011. Voting Technology, Vote-By-Mail, and Residual Votes in California, 1990–2010. Political Research Quarterly 66 (3): 658–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912467085 

Alvarez, R. Michael, Jian Cao, and Yimeng Li. 2021. Voting Experiences, Perceptions of Fraud, and Voter Confidence. Social Science Quarterly 102 (4): 1225–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12940.

Alvarez, R. Michael, Thad E. Hall, and Morgan H. Llewellyn. 2008. Are Americans Confident Their Ballots Are Counted? The Journal of Politics 70 (3): 754–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381608080730.

Alvarez, R. Michael, Gabriel Katz, and Julia Pomares. 2011. The Impact of New Technologies on Voter Confidence in Latin America: Evidence from E-Voting Experiments in Argentina and Colombia. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 8 (2): 199–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2011.559739.

Amos, Brian, Daniel A. Smith, and Casey Ste. Claire. 2017. Reprecincting and Voting Behavior.      Political Behavior 39 (1): 133–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9350-z.

Ansolabehere, Stephen. 2009. Effects of Identification Requirements on Voting: Evidence from the Experiences of Voters on Election Day. PS: Political Science & Politics 42 (1): 127–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096509090313.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Daron Shaw. 2016. Assessing (and Fixing?) Election Day Lines: Evidence from a Survey of Local Election Officials. Electoral Studies 41 (March): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.10.010 

Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Charles Stewart III. 2005. Residual Votes Attributable to Technology. The Journal of Politics 67 (2): 365–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00321.x 

Appel, Andrew W., Richard A. DeMillo, and Philip B. Stark. 2020. Ballot-Marking Devices Cannot Ensure the Will of the Voters. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy 19 (3): 432–50. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2019.0619 

Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 2014. Voter Confidence in 2010: Local, State, and National Factors. Edited by R. Michael Alvarez and Bernard Grofman. Election Administration in the United States. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107264199.009.

Atkeson, Lonna Rae, R. Michael Alvarez, and Thad E. Hall. 2015. Voter Confidence: How to Measure It and How It Differs from Government Support. Election Law Journal 14 (3): 207–19. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2014.0293.

Atkeson, Lonna Rae, Lisa Ann Bryant, Thad E. Hall, Kyle Saunders, and Michael Alvarez. 2010.      A New Barrier to Participation: Heterogeneous Application of Voter Identification Policies.      Electoral Studies 29 (1): 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2009.08.001 

Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Kyle L. Saunders. 2007. The Effect of Election Administration on Voter Confidence: A Local Matter? PS: Political Science & Politics 40 (4): 655–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096507071041.

Atkeson, Lonna, R. Alvarez, and Thad Hall. 2009. “Assessing Electoral Performance in New Mexico Using an Ecosystem Approach.” http://www.unm.edu/~atkeson/center/papers/Final_New_Mexico_Full_Report_08_Post_PEW_3.pdf.

Barber, Michael, and John B. Holbein. 2022. 400 Million Voting Records Show Profound Racial and Geographic Disparities in Voter Turnout in the United States. Edited by Noam Lupu. PLOS ONE 17 (6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268134.

Barreto, Matt A., Mara Cohen-Marks, and Nathan D. Woods. 2009. Are All Precincts Created Equal? The Prevalence of Low-Quality Precincts in Low-Income and Minority Communities.      Political Research Quarterly 62 (3): 445–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908319572.

Berger, Jonah, Marc Meredith, and S. Christian Wheeler. 2008. “Contextual Priming: Where People Vote Affects How They Vote.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (26): 8846–49. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711988105.

Bernardo, Nicholas D., Bridgett A. King, and Gretchen A. Macht. “Assessing Precinct Consolidation Strategies through Simulation Optimization.” Election Law Journal (forthcoming).

Bernardo, Nicholas D., Bridgett A. King, and Gretchen A. Macht. 2022. COVID-19 and United States Election Systems: A Simulation Study of In-Person Voting in Rhode Island.      Journal of Simulation DOI: 10.1080/17477778.2022.2155258.

Bernardo, Nicholas D., and Gretchen A. Macht. 2022. Assessing Minimum Accessible Voting Equipment Requirements through Simulation. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy 21 (4): 259–79. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2022.0019. 

Bernardo, Nicholas D., Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz, and Gretchen A. Macht. 2021. The Effect of Ballot Characteristics on the Likelihood of Voting Errors. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, October, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2021.24 

Bernhard, Matthew, Allison McDonald, Henry Meng, Jensen Hwa, Nakul Bajaj, Kevin Chang, and J. Alex Halderman. 2020. “Can Voters Detect Malicious Manipulation of Ballot Marking Devices?” IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), May, 679–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP40000.2020.00118 

Birch, Sarah. 2010. Perceptions of Electoral Fairness and Voter Turnout. Comparative Political Studies 43 (12): 1601–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010374021 

Brady, Henry E, Sidney Verba, and Kay Lehman Schlozman. 1995. Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation. The American Political Science Review 89 (2): 271–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/2082425.

Brady, Henry E. 2000. “Report on Voting and Ballot Form in Palm Beach County.” Berkeley: University of California. http://www.skirsch.com/politics/election2000/brady.pdf 

Brady, Henry E., and John E. McNulty. 2011. Turning out to Vote: The Costs of Finding and Getting to the Polling Place. The American Political Science Review 105 (1): 115–34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41480830.

Bryant, Lisa A. 2020. Seeing Is Believing: An Experiment on Absentee Ballots and Voter Confidence.      American Politics Research 48 (6): 700–704. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x20922529.

Buell, Duncan A. 2013. An Analysis of Long Lines in Richland County, South Carolina.      USENIX Journal of Election Technology and Systems (JETS) 1 (1). https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/evtwote13/jets-0101-buell.pdf 

Bullock III, Charles S., and M. V. Hood III. 2002.      One Person-No Vote; One Vote; Two Votes: Voting Methods, Ballot Types, and Undervote Frequency in the 2000 Presidential Election.      Social Science Quarterly 83 (4): 981–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00127 

Burden, Barry C. 2018. Disagreement over ID Requirements and Minority Voter Turnout.      The Journal of Politics 80 (3): 1060–63. https://doi.org/10.1086/696616.

Burden, Barry C., David T. Canon, Kenneth R. Mayer, and Donald P. Moynihan. 2014.      Election Laws, Mobilization, and Turnout: The Unanticipated Consequences of Election Reform.      American Journal of Political Science 58 (1): 95–109. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24363471.

Burden, Barry C., David T. Canon, Kenneth R. Mayer, Donald P. Moynihan, and Jacob R. Neiheisel. 2017.      What Happens at the Polling Place: Using Administrative Data to Look inside Elections.      Public Administration Review 77 (3): 354–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12592 

Burden, Barry C., and Jeffrey Milyo. 2015.      The Quantities and Qualities of Poll Workers.      Election Law Journal 14 (1): 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2014.0277

Burden, Barry C., Robert M. Stein, and et al. 2022. “The Front Lines of Elections: Poll Workers in the New Election Administration Environment.” https://electionlab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/2023-01/The-Front-Lines-of-Elections.pdf 

Burden, Barry C., and Charles Stewart III. 2014. The Measure of American Elections. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107589117 

Cantoni, Enrico. 2020.      A Precinct Too Far: Turnout and Voting Costs.      American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12 (1): 61–85. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20180306 

Chen, Cynthia, Arisa Sadeghpour, and Matt Lamb. 2021.      Vote Centers and the Voter Experience.      American Politics Research 49 (6): 591–603. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x211029581.

Claassen, Ryan L., David B. Magleby, J. Quin Monson, and Kelly D. Patterson. 2008. “     At Your Service”     : Voter Evaluations of Poll Worker Performance.      American Politics Research 36 (4): 612–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x08319006.

Claassen, Ryan L., David B. Magleby, J. Quin Monson, and Kelly D. Patterson. 2013.      Voter Confidence and the Election-Day Voting Experience.      Political Behavior 35 (2): 215–35. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43653066.

Center for Civic Design. 2013. Field Guides to Ensuring Voter Intent. https://civicdesign.org/fieldguides/ 

Clinton, Joshua, Nick Eubank, Adriane Fresh, and Michael E. Sheperd. 2021.      Polling place changes and political participation: evidence from North Carolina presidential elections, 2006-2016.      Political Science Research and Methods. 9:800-817.

Cobb, Rachael V., D. James Greiner, and Kevin M. Quinn. 2010.      Can voter ID laws be administered in a race-neutral manner? Evidence from the city of Boston in 2008.      Quarterly Journal of Political Science 7 (1): 1-33.

Cortina, Jeronimo, and Brandon Rottinghaus. 2019.      Vote Centers and Turnout by Election Type in Texas.      Research & Politics 6 (3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019864224.

de Jong, Menno, Joris van Hoof, and Jordy Gosselt. 2007.      Voters’ Perceptions of Voting Technology: Paper Ballots versus Voting Machine with and without Paper Audit Trail.      Social Science Computer Review 26 (4): 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307312482.

Dowling, Conor M., David Doherty, Seth J. Hill, Alan S. Gerber, and Gregory A. Huber. 2019.      The Voting Experience and Beliefs about Ballot Secrecy.      Edited by Gregg R. Murray. PLOS ONE 14 (1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209765.

Dyck, Joshua J., and James G. Gimpel. 2005.      Distance, Turnout, and the Convenience of Voting*.      Social Science Quarterly 86 (3): 531–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00316.x.

Edelstein, William. 2006. “New Voting Systems for NY- Long Lines and High Cost.” New Yorkers for Verified Voting. http://www.wheresthepaper.org/DREsCauseLongLines061114.pdf 

Edelstein, William A., and Arthur D. Edelstein. 2010. “Queuing and Elections: Long Lines, DREs and Paper Ballots.” Washington, DC: 2010 Electronic Voting Technology Workshop/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections. https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/evtwote10/tech/full_papers/Edelstein.pdf 

Election Assistance Commission. 2020. Election Administration and Voting Survey 2020: Comprehensive Report.

Election Assistance Commission (EAC), and URI VOTES. “SMILE - Voting Process Changes.” Election Assistance Commission (EAC) (forthcoming).

“Electronic Poll Books: California Code of Regulations.” n.d. California Secretary of State. Accessed July 28, 2023. https://www.sos.ca.gov/administration/regulations/current-regulations/poll-books#:~:text=Definitions 

Everett, Sarah P., Michael D. Byrne, and Kristen K. Greene. 2006.      Measuring the Usability of Paper Ballots: Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Satisfaction.      Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50 (24): 2547–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120605002407.

Famighetti, Christopher, Amanda Melillo and Myrna Pérez. 2014.      Election Day Long Lines: Resource Allocation.      Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/2019-08/Report_ElectionDayLongLines-ResourceAllocation.pdf 

Feng Quiyuan, Yan Lindsay Sun, Ling Liu, Yafei Yang, and Yafei Dai. 2010. “Voting Systems with Trust Mechanisms in Cyberspace: Vulnerabilities and Defenses.” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 22: 1766 - 1780.

Folz, David H. 2014.      Vote Centers as a Strategy to Control Election Administration Costs: Findings from a Pilot Project.      SAGE Open 4 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014525414 

Fortier, John C., Charles Stewart III, Stephen Pettigrew, Matthew Weil, and Tim Harper. 2018. “Improving the Voter Experience: Reducing Polling Place Wait Times by Measuring Lines and Managing Polling Place Resources.” Bipartisan Policy Center. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/download/?file=/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Improving-The-Voter-Experience-Reducing-Polling-Place-Wait-Times-by-Measuring-Lines-and-Managing-Polling-Place-Resources.pdf

Fraga, Bernard L, and Michael G Miller. 2021.      Who Does Voter ID Keep from Voting?      The Journal of Politics 84 (2): 1091–1105. https://doi.org/10.1086/716282.

Fraga, Bernard L. 2018. The Turnout Gap: Race, Ethnicity, and Political Inequality in a Diversifying America. Cambridge University Press.

Frisina, Laurin, Michael C. Herron, James Honaker, and Jeffrey B. Lewis. 2008.      Ballot Formats, Touchscreens, and Undervotes: A Study of the 2006 Midterm Elections in Florida.      Election Law Journal 7 (1): 25–47. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2008.7103 

Fullmer, Elliott B. 2015.      Early Voting: Do More Sites Lead to Higher Turnout?      Election Law Journal 14 (2): 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2014.0259.

García Bedolla, Lisa, and Melissa R. Michelson. 2012. Mobilizing Inclusion: Transforming the Electorate through Get-Out-The-Vote Campaigns. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, David Doherty, Conor M. Dowling, and Seth J. Hill. 2013.      Do Perceptions of Ballot Secrecy Influence Turnout? Results from a Field Experiment.      American Journal of Political Science 57 (3): 537–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12019 

Giammo, Joseph D., and Brian J. Brox. 2008.      Reducing the Costs of Participation: Are States Getting a Return on Early Voting?      Political Research Quarterly 63 (2): 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908327605.

Gimpel, James G., Joshua J. Dyck, and Daron R. Shaw. 2004.      Registrants, Voters, and Turnout Variability across Neighborhoods.      Political Behavior 26 (4): 343–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-004-0900-4 

Greene, Kristen K., Michael D. Byrne, and Sarah P. Everett. 2006. A Comparison of Usability between Voting Methods. 2006 USENIX/ACCURATE Electronic Voting Technology Workshop (EVT 06).

Grimmer, Justin, Eitan Hersh, Marc Meredith, Jonathan Mummolo and Clayton Nall. 2018.      Obstacles to Estimating Voter ID Laws’ Effect on Turnout.      Journal of Politics 80:1045-1051.

Gronke, Paul, Eva Galanes-Rosenbaum, and Peter A. Miller. 2007.      Early Voting and Turnout.      PS: Political Science & Politics 40 (4): 639–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096507071028.

Hajnal, Zoltan, Nazita Lajevardi, and Lindsay Nielson. 2017.      Voter Identification Laws and the Suppression of Minority Votes.      The Journal of Politics 79 (2): 363–79. https://doi.org/10.1086/688343.

Hall, Thad E., J. Quin Monson, and Kelly D. Patterson. 2008.      The Human Dimension of Elections: How Poll Workers Shape Public Confidence in Elections.      Political Research Quarterly 62 (3): 507–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908324870.

Hamilton, James T., and Helen F. Ladd. 1996.      Biased Ballots? The Impact of Ballot Structure on North Carolina Elections in 1992.      Public Choice 87 (June): 259–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00118648 

Haspel, Moshe, and H. Gibbs Knotts. 2005.      Location, Location, Location: Precinct Placement and the Costs of Voting.      The Journal of Politics 67 (2): 560–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00329.x.

Henninger, Phoebe, Marc Meredith, and Michael Morse. 2021.      Who Votes without Identification? Using Individual‐Level Administrative Data to Measure the Burden of Strict Voter Identification Laws.      Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 18 (2): 256–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12283.

Herrnson, Paul S., Richard G. Niemi, Michael J. Hanmer, Benjamin B. Bederson, Frederick C. Conrad, and Michael W. Traugott. 2008. Voting Technology: The Not-So-Simple Act of Casting a Ballot. Brookings Institution Press.

Herrnson, Paul S., Michael J. Hanmer, and Richard G. Niemi. 2012.      The Impact of Ballot Type on Voter Errors.      American Journal of Political Science 56 (3): 716–30. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23316016 

Herron, Michael C., and Daniel A. Smith. 2012.      Souls to the Polls: Early Voting in Florida in the Shadow of House Bill 1355.      Election Law Journal 11 (3): 331–47. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2012.0157.

Herron, Michael C., and Daniel A. Smith. 2014.      Race, Party, and the Consequences of Restricting Early Voting in Florida in the 2012 General Election.      Political Research Quarterly 67 (3): 646–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912914524831 

Herron, Michael C., and Daniel A. Smith. 2016.      Precinct Resources and Voter Wait Times.      Electoral Studies 42: 249–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.02.014 

Hood, M.V., and Charles S. Bullock. 2011.      An Examination of Efforts to Encourage the Incidence of Early In-Person Voting in Georgia, 2008.      Election Law Journal 10 (2): 103–13. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2010.0084.

Hostetter, Joshua D. 2022.      Do Electronic Poll Books Increase Voter Wait Times?      Election Law Journal 21 (4). https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2022.0017 

Houghton, James P. 2019. “Estimation of Voter Arrival Rates Using Electronic Poll Book Transaction Logs.” https://doi.org/10.23860/thesis-houghton-james-2019 

Hur, Aram, and Christopher H. Achen. 2013.      Coding Voter Turnout Responses in the Current Population Survey.      Public Opinion Quarterly 77 (4): 985–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nft042 

Jafar, Uzma, Mohd Juzaiddin Ab Aziz, and Zarina Shukur. 2021.      Blockchain for Electronic Voting System—Review and Open Research Challenges.      Sensors 21 (17). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175874 

Jaffe, Jacob, Charles Stewart III, and Jacob Coblentz. 2018.      Modeling Voting Service Times with Machine Logs.      SSRN Electronic Journal, July. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3216178 

Kaplan, Ethan, and Haishan Yuan. 2020.      Early Voting Laws, Voter Turnout, and Partisan Vote Composition: Evidence from Ohio.      American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12 (1): 32–60. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20180192 

Karpowitz Christopher F., J. Quin Monson, Lindsay Nielson, Kelly D. Patterson, and Steven A. Snell. 2011.      Political Norms and the Private Act of Voting.      Public Opinion Quarterly 75: 659–685. 

Kimball, David C., and Martha Kropf. 2005.      Ballot Design and Unrecorded Votes on Paper-Based Ballots.      Public Opinion Quarterly 69 (4): 508–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfi054 

King, Bridgett A., and Alicia Barnes. 2019.      Descriptive Representation in Election Administration: Poll Workers and Voter Confidence.      Election Law Journal 18 (1): 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2018.0485.

King, Catherine K., and Lawrence M. Leemis. 2016. “Data Analysis and Simulation: Optimizing Voter Wait Times.” 2016 IEEE Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium, April. https://doi.org/10.1109/sieds.2016.7489298 

Klain, Hannah, Kevin Morris, Max Feldman, and Rebecca Ayala. 2020. “Waiting to Vote: Racial Disparities in Election Day Experiences.” New York University School of Law: Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/6_02_WaitingtoVote_FINAL.pdf.

Knack, Stephen, and Martha Kropf. 2003.      Roll-off at the Top of the Ballot: International Undervoting in American Presidential Elections.      Politics & Policy 31 (4): 575–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2003.tb00163.x 

Kortum, Philip, and Michael D. Byrne. 2016.      The Importance of Psychological Science in a Voter’s Ability to Cast a Vote.      Current Directions in Psychological Science 25 (6): 467–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416665104 

Kortum, Philip, Michael D. Byrne, and Julie Whitmore. 2020. “Voter Verification of BMD Ballots Is a Two-Part Question: Can They? Mostly, They Can. Do They? Mostly, They Don’t,” March. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2003.04997 

Kropf, Martha, and David C. Kimball. 2012. Helping America Vote: The Limits of Election Reform. New York: Routledge.

Kuk, John, Zoltan Hajnal, and Nazita Lajevardi. 2020.      A Disproportionate Burden: Strict Voter Identification Laws and Minority Turnout.      Politics, Groups, and Identities 10 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1773280

Larocca, Roger, and John S. Klemanski. 2011.      U.S. State Election Reform and Turnout in Presidential Elections.     State Politics & Policy Quarterly 11 (1): 76–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532440010387401 

Laskowski, Sharon J., and Janice (Ginny) Redish. 2006. “Making Ballot Language Understandable to Voters.” 2006 USENIX/ACCURATE Electronic Voting Technology Workshop (EVT 06). https://www.usenix.org/conference/evt-06/making-ballot-language-understandable-voters 

Laskowski, Sharon J., James H. Yen, Marguerite W. Autry, John Cugini, and William H. Killam. 2004. “Improving the Usability and Accessibility of Voting Systems and Products.” NIST Special Publication, January. https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.500-256 

Laurison, Daniel, and Ankit Rastogi. 2023. “Income Inequality in U.S. Voting: A Visualization.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 9 (January). https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231154358.

Leighley, Jan E., and Jonathan Nagler. 2014. Who Votes Now? Demographics, Issues, Inequality, and Turnout in the United States. JSTOR. Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt4cgcqb.

Levin, Ines, and R. Michael Alvarez. 2009. “Measuring the Effects of Voter Confidence on Political Participation: An Application to the 2006 Mexican Election.” Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/96610 

Lijphart, Arend. 1997.      Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1996.      American Political Science Review 91 (01): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/2952255 

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